Immigration And Economics
Population changes continuously over the past
in the Canada. There is two type
of changing in population. One of them is
the natural increase since the New
France is become the colony in 1665.
The other type is immigration from or
emigration to other countries. People
immigrate to Canada because there is an
advantaged condition than their own
country to induce them. Canada has fertility
natural resources that are fur,
fishery and timber. In the earliest of Canada
prior to 1850, agriculture is
the main sector that is about 60% in the Canada.
However, in the late
nineteenth century, the natural resource of the timber is
declined. Besides,
the growing up of the industrial development such as irons
and steel. Many
immigrants move to Canada lead the real wages to fell, then many
Canadian
move to United States. After the First World War, there is a wheat boom
on
that period, which attract more people to come to Canada. The demand for
the
manufacturing goods that relates to the wheat is increase after the
war;
therefore, it also contributes to the development of the industrial. In
this
period, the development is not stimulate by the natural resources, but
the
political revolution, new technical, and the open of the new market.
The
immigration is relevant to the economic and political problems in
Canada.
Therefore, the changes of the population can be contributed to
the economic
activity. The different patterns of living styles and behavior
from the
immigrants also influenced the economic development. Therefore, it
is important
of population changes. There was a brain drain to the United
States between
1881- 1901. The net immigration between this period is
negative that means the
emigration from Canada is so high although the
immigration is high. Although,
there are some skilled labors immigrate to
United States, the high immigration
also increased the labors supply with
lower wages than domestic labors. The
immigration also one of the factor of
developing of the economic in the Canada.
In the period of 1881- 1901,
the primary sector of agriculture continuously
declined because the exploited
of the natural resource such as timber that is
the agriculture product was
declined. The demand for labor force of agriculture
is decreased, therefore
the unemployment rate is increased. The important of
agriculture has
continuously declined, but the non- agriculture employment that
associated
with urbanization has increased. The labor flowed to the
manufacturing and
tertiary sector that are growing. Besides, the immigration
continuously
increases, the lack of opportunity in the home country tend to
immigrate to
United States that have. Since the immigrants increased the labor
supply, but
the demand of the labor is slowly. Therefore, the real wages in
Canada
fell. The immigrants often work for lower wages than the native
born
Canadians. Besides, the demand for the skilled labor in U.S. is
increased
rapidly, so there would be a different in real wages between U.S.
and Canada.
The real wages in U.S. is higher than Canada. This induced
native-born Canadian
to move to United States. Since the urbanization is grew
up, many agriculture
labors move to urban United States. And the
transportation is more convenience.
In the period of 1881-91, the
immigration from other country is so high which is
about 903 thousands, but
the emigration is also high which is about 1,108
thousands. Therefore, the
net immigration is negative. In the period of 1890-
1900, the Canadian-
born live in the U.S. is about 1.6% that is the higher.
However, the net
immigration is positive since the wheat boom in 1900s. Because
of attracting
of net return of the new element, many immigrate was induced to
Canada.
There is a relative between population changes and the economic
growth.
Although the immigrants deplete the employment opportunity to the
native- born
Canadian, it brings tangible savings to Canada. They push
the labor market
opportunity at Canada. The immigration can be examined of
the production,
consumption and economy-of-scale effects. First of all, the
immigrants can
satisfy the shortages in the labor market. Although the demand
of the
agriculture is declined, but other sector such as manufacturing is
increased in
need of labor. The expansion of the industries leads to create
new job
opportunity. Besides, the immigrants would invest their capital to
the
industries, it also provides some new job opportunity. Then, the
immigrants may
also have different expenditure patterns to the native-born
Canadian. The
greater demand of goods and service is also stimulate the
growth of
manufacturing. Immigration is also an important condition for
viewing the
population change. It can be indicate that the social and
economic changes, then
it can improve our living style and conditions. And it
can also influence the
growth potential of the country. From the Census 1971,
it shows that about 2/3
of the labor force came from the net immigration.
They are the one of the
factors of the economic
growth.
Bibliography
Marr, William L and Paterson, Donald G. 1980.
Canada: An Economic History.
Gage, Toronto. Pomfret, Richard. 1948. The
economic development of Canada.
Ontario: Methuen Publication. Stone,
Leroy O. 1961. Migration in Canada: 1961
Census Monographs. Ottawa.
Watkins, M.H. and Grant H.M.1993. Canadian Economic
History, Classic and
Contemporary. Carleton University Press, Ottawa.